AMLR
2008 Weekly Report No. 5
The weather cooperated for the remainder of the fur seal
survey although no landing could be made at the east side of Elephant
Island at Cape
Lindsey. Fur seal counts were made at Seal
Island and Cape
Valentine completing the fur seal population survey. After a successful
in port, we have departed from Punta Arenas
at 0900 13 February, in transit to Cape
Shirreff to drop off freshies before transiting
to the South Orkney Islands.
Acoustics
Acoustic biomass estimates for the South Area comprising Bransfield Strait showed patchy distribution of krill in the acoustic
data. In this area we estimate approximately 850 thousand tons of krill were present.
The density of krill in the South Area was about 35 g per m2. Thus,
in total, we estimate more than 3 million tons of krill were present among the
four areas of the AMLR survey grid. This compares favorably to last year, but
is less than 2 years ago.
Krill and Zooplankton Leg 1 Overview
Mean and median krill abundance in the Elephant Island
Area net samples during January 2008 (186 and 22 per 1000 m3) were
the second largest recorded for this season over the past 17 years, ranking second
to those of 2003 (319 and 31 per 1000 m3). The highs in both cases resulted from the
cumulative effect of three successive years of strong recruitment success. The large proportions of juveniles collected
this season (52% of total krill) rivaled the highest value recorded in 1996
(55%) and surpassed the highs of 2002 and 2003 (42- 45%) a testament to the
strength of the 2006/07 year class.
However, the proportions of juvenile and immature krill this year may
have been inflated due to the paucity of larger krill (i.e., >50 mm) that presumably
were located north of the survey area. A
similar situation was observed in 2003 suggesting that distribution ranges are
expanded northward during times when there are abundant one- and two-year-old krill.
Based on the prevalence of female stage 3a and 3b krill
and increasing frequency, abundance and advancing larval stages the survey
period appeared to coincide with the onset of the krill reproductive effort. While only 25 % of the mature females in the
Elephant Island Area were in advanced reproductive stages (i.e., with ovarian development,
gravid or spent) it is quite likely that these stages will predominate during
early February. The timing of this
seasonal reproductive effort, therefore, is probably not unfavorably delayed. The fact that larval abundance in all four
survey areas (means 4-156 per 1000 m3) were substantially greater
than those observed the same time last year (2-32 per 1000 m3)
suggests that another year of strong recruitment success may be
anticipated. This would mark the fourth successive
year of year class success, a first in the long-term data record. This idea should be confirmed by the
concentrations of larvae obtained during the Leg 2 survey.
The zooplankton assemblage in the Elephant Island Area
was strongly dominated by copepods, postlarval Thysanoessa macrura, postlarval and larval stages of krill, and chaetognaths. The
overall composition, absolute and relative abundance of these taxa were remarkably similar to last year as indicated by a
high PSI value of 84. These assemblages
were also similar to that sampled in 1995 (PSIs both
78) and reflect the strong numerical dominance of copepods and paucity of salps. Both salp species, Salpa thompsoni and Ihlea racovitzai, were comparatively rare this year. The mean abundance of S. thompsoni in the Elephant Island Area
this year (8 per 1000 m3) was the lowest recorded over the past 17
years while the median value (4 per 1000 m3) rivaled the lows in
1995 and 2007.
Oceanography
The weather deteriorated from the mild conditions
experienced in the Bransfield Strait, with Southeasterlies and Southwesterlies above 20 knots for most of the week, when
not in the lee of the islands. Monday and Tuesday saw grey skies and snow,
clearing later in the week when the wind dropped below 20 knots on Friday
evening, making for smooth passage across the Drake.
Further deck calibrations of the CTD’s
PAR sensors were performed, before the system was stripped down for servicing
prior to Leg 2. Final CTD/salinometer comparison figures were entered, showing close agreement
between the two instruments. CTD/thermosalinograph comparison
figures were also obtained.
The SCS data for the survey area and the south to north
transit were merged, filtered and the position of the
convergence determined. The convergence had shifted north, from around 58° 11´S
(12th January) to 57° 20´S (8th February).
Phytoplankton (REPEAT)
Phytoplankton survey completed without complications, 100
stations sampled. Total of 15 stations sampled for iron concentrations; 31 stations
sampled for macronutrient concentrations at 6 depths (10, 30, 50, 75, 100, and
200 meters) with 10 additional stations sampled for macronutrient
concentrations in the upper mixed layer; 27 stations sampled for phytoplankton
abundances (microscope) in the upper mixed layer. Eleven stations had upper
mixed layer depths less than 30 meters, averaging 1.3 mg chlorophyll-a m-3;
19 stations had upper mixed layer depths more than 100 meters, averaging 0.7 mg
chlorophyll-a m-3. Mean
chlorophyll-a in the upper mixed
layer were 0.8 mg chlorophyll-a m-3
for all stations sampled, with highest concentrations measured in the Bransfield Strait, with 3 high biomass stations located
north of Elephant Island. Lowest chlorophyll-a concentrations (<0.3 mg m-3)
were measured in the Drake Passage, while cold, saline waters from the Weddell
Sea outflow into the Bransfield Strait (near Joinville Island) also had low concentrations (0.3-0.8 mg chlorophyll
m-3). Chlorophyll-a in the
upper mixed layer for the West Area was found to have 0.58 ± 0.61 mg m-3;
the Elephant Island Area was found to have 0.73 ± 0.51 mg chlorophyll-a m-3; the Joinville Island Area was found to have 0.99 ± 0.59 mg
chlorophyll-a m-3; and the
South Area was found to have 1.02 ± 0.43 mg chlorophyll-a m-3. Highest
fluorescence yields were measured in blue Drake Passage
waters north of the continental margin and west of Elephant
Island. The Bio-Optical sampling has been completed for the
cruise.
The Integrated Optics Package (IOP) and the Profiling
Reflectance Radiometer system (PRR) were deployed at a total of 15 mid day CTD stations. Complementary water samples were taken at 16
mid day stations allowing for 32 PvsE experiments and
sampling of 77 depths for ap,
ad, and as analysis, measurement of particle number and size distribution, and
particulate CHN. HPLC pigments samples
were collected at 99 stations at surface and subsurface chlorophyll maximum. The surface PRR 810 continues to record
surface irradiance at 19 spectral channels.
Mati Kahru has
continued to provide ocean color satellite image support. The composite image for the second half of
January indicates the surface chlorophyll a concentrations in Bransfield Straight and east of the Shackelton
Transverse Ridge largely decreased compared to the first half of month. AMLR-08 Leg 1 survey sampled the end of a
bloom.
Birds and Marine Mammal Observations (REPEAT)
Seabird and mammal observations: Data on the
distribution, abundance and behavior of seabirds and mammals were collected
during underway ship operations in the Elephant
Island, Joinville and South strata.
30 transects were collected covering approximately 610 nautical miles of survey
effort. We found that feeding aggregations of Cape
Petrels were spatially associated with a strong sea-surface
temperature front that traversed the Elephant
Island region. A Southern Right Whale was observed on the last
transect in the Elephant Island region adjacent to Clarence
Island. This is the
first time this species has been observed in the AMLR region since 2004. The
seabird community in the Joinville Island strata consisted of (percentage-wise): Adélie Penguin, Southern Fulmar, Chinstrap Penguin, Wilson’s Storm Petrel, Southern Giant Petrel, and Antarctic
Petrel. 59 Humpback Whales and 3 Fin
Whales were observed. Additionally, Antarctic Fur Seal, Crabeater
Seal, Weddell Seal and Leopard Seal were observed in the Joinville
area. The seabird community in the South strata consisted of (percentage-wise):
Adélie Penguin, Chinstrap Penguin, Southern Fulmar, Wilson’s Storm Petrel, Cape
Petrel, Gentoo Penguin, Southern
Giant Petrel and Black-browed Albatross. A very unusual sighting of a King
Penguin was observed on 31 January at 62.5ºS, 56´W. A total of 77 Humpback
Whales and 2 Minke Whales were observed in the South
stratum. Antarctic Fur Seals were highly
conspicuous in the South stratum, with the highest numbers occurring near the
ice edge in the vicinity of the Antarctic Sound and Joinville Island.
C. Reiss sends.